Consider, for example, the specific case of computing the sum of a p-series.
When p > 1, the infinite series with terms given by 1/n^p has a finite sum, and that sum is given by the Riemann zeta function. We can compute the value of that sum to an arbitrary precision by running a loop over a finite number of terms.
But this only works because we know mathematically that this series converges.
If we attempt this same trick with the harmonic series, we can compute the individual harmonic numbers, but we can never reach the actual sum of this series, as it does not exist.
There are plenty of problems we can express with infinities that computers simply can’t make statements about. We need to use mathematical logic to know what things computers can make statements about.
So we cannot verify that a property holds true for every member of an infinite set by empirical verification. We cannot, for example, empirically demonstrate that every member of an infinite set maps to 1 for a specific two valued function. To check every member of an infinite set would literally take an infinite amount of time.
In that case, we would have to logically deduce that every member of the infinite set necessarily has to return 1 for a specific two valued function.
The problem becomes even messier when you want to verify that every single possible two valued function defined on a specific infinite set follows the omniscience principle. We can’t empirically check an infinite number of functions against an infinite number of items. We would, literally, be doing the task for an infinite amount of time.
Instead, we have to use mathematical logic to state that the omniscience principle must hold due to how the infinite set was constructed.
Computers are great at finite computations. They are great at large volumes of finite computations. But they cannot do mathematical thinking for us. We have to do the heavy lifting of discretizing a problem, or converting the infinite into a finite representation or form so that it is actually computable.
So, what is it that you want the computer to do? Big picture here?