Syntax
for ([initialization]; [condition]; [final-expression]) {
// statement
}
The javascript for
statement consists of three expressions and a statement:
Description
- initialization - Run before the first execution on the loop. This expression is commonly used to create counters. Variables created here are scoped to the loop. Once the loop has finished its execution they are destroyed.
- condition - Expression that is checked prior to the execution of every iteration. If omitted, this expression evaluates to true. If it evaluates to true, the loop’s statement is executed. If it evaluates to false, the loop stops.
- final-expression - Expression that is run after every iteration. Usually used to increment a counter. But it can be used to decrement a counter too.
- statement - Code to be repeated in the loop
any of these three expressions or the statement can be omitted. For loops are commonly used to count a certain number of iterations to repeat a statement. Use a break
statement to exit the loop before the condition expression evaluates to false.
Common Pitfalls
Exceeding the bounds of an array
When indexing over an array many times it is easy to exceed the bounds of the array (ex. try to reference the 4th element of a 3 element array).
// The bounds of the array will be exceeded.
// Here the value of arr.length is 3
// Since variable 'i' is initialised to 0, it will iterate the array 'arr' 4 (i.e. from i = 0 to i = 3) times.
// Hence 4th iteration will output undefined since there are only three elements in the array.
var arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
for (var i = 0; i <= arr.length; i++) {
console.log(arr[i]);
}
output:
1
2
3
undefined
There are two ways to fix this code. Set the condition to either i < arr.length
or i <= arr.length - 1
Examples
Iterate through integers from 0-8
for (var i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
output:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Break out of a loop before condition expression is false
for (var elephant = 1; elephant < 10; elephant+=2) {
if (elephant === 7) {
break;
}
console.info('elephant is ' + elephant);
}
output:
elephant is 1
elephant is 3
elephant is 5
In contrast to the break
statement which opts out of the iteration when the condition is false, the continue
statement skips the condition when the code is true, and continues up until the condition is false.
Using the above example again, let’s see the functionality of the continue
statement
for (var elephant = 1; elephant < 10; elephant+=2) {
if (elephant === 7) {
continue;
}
console.info('elephant is ' + elephant);
}
output:
elephant is 1
elephant is 3
elephant is 5
elephant is 9