*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }

HTML-CSS
1

Hello!

I am doing the survey form project for Responsive Web Design Certification, and I came across this code in the sample CSS:



*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

I don’t really understand mainly two things:

  1. What do these *::before, *::after exactly do in this scenario?

  2. Why is there a comma here *, ?

Below is the whole CSS in the sample page:

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins:200i,400&display=swap');

:root {
  --color-white: #f3f3f3;
  --color-darkblue: #1b1b32;
  --color-darkblue-alpha: rgba(27, 27, 50, 0.8);
  --color-green: #37af65;
}

*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
  font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: var(--color-white);
  margin: 0;
}

/* mobile friendly alternative to using background-attachment: fixed */
body::before {
  content: '';
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  z-index: -1;
  background: var(--color-darkblue);
  background-image: linear-gradient(
      115deg,
      rgba(58, 58, 158, 0.8),
      rgba(136, 136, 206, 0.7)
    ),
    url(https://cdn.freecodecamp.org/testable-projects-fcc/images/survey-form-background.jpeg);
  background-size: cover;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: center;
}

h1 {
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

p {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
}

h1,
p {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

label {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

input,
button,
select,
textarea {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
  line-height: inherit;
}

button {
  border: none;
}

.container {
  width: 100%;
  margin: 3.125rem auto 0 auto;
}

@media (min-width: 576px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 540px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 720px;
  }
}

.header {
  padding: 0 0.625rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.875rem;
}

.description {
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 200;
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
}

.clue {
  margin-left: 0.25rem;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: #e4e4e4;
}

.text-center {
  text-align: center;
}

/* form */

form {
  background: var(--color-darkblue-alpha);
  padding: 2.5rem 0.625rem;
  border-radius: 0.25rem;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  form {
    padding: 2.5rem;
  }
}

.form-group {
  margin: 0 auto 1.25rem auto;
  padding: 0.25rem;
}

.form-control {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 2.375rem;
  padding: 0.375rem 0.75rem;
  color: #495057;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-clip: padding-box;
  border: 1px solid #ced4da;
  border-radius: 0.25rem;
  transition: border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
}

.form-control:focus {
  border-color: #80bdff;
  outline: 0;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.2rem rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.25);
}

.input-radio,
.input-checkbox {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-right: 0.625rem;
  min-height: 1.25rem;
  min-width: 1.25rem;
}

.input-textarea {
  min-height: 120px;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.625rem;
  resize: vertical;
}

.submit-button {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.75rem;
  background: var(--color-green);
  color: inherit;
  border-radius: 2px;
  cursor: pointer;
}
2

I’ve edited your post for readability. When you enter a code block into a forum post, please precede it with a separate line of three backticks and follow it with a separate line of three backticks to make it easier to read.

You can also use the “preformatted text” tool in the editor (</>) to add backticks around text.

Pre-formatted-text
Pre-formatted-text1356×380 401 KB

See this post to find the backtick on your keyboard.
Note: Backticks (`) are not single quotes (’).

3

* selects every element, ::before and ::after are CSS pseudo elements, comma is how you seperate elements you’re applying rules to in CSS. “apply this rule to all elements, all ::before pseudo-elements and all ::after pseudo-elements”.

10 Likes
4

Thank you Dan! I appreciate your help. Have a great day!

2 Likes
5

Thank you very much <3

1 Like
6

this was very helpful. i am doing the survey project and was adding box-sizing: border-box; to every element that needed it . now i know i dont need to. Thank you

1 Like