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<title>Technical Document</title>
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<header>The Ultimate Python Beginner's Handbook</header>
<ul>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#Introduction_to_Python">Introduction to Python</a> </li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#Installing_Python_3">Installing Python 3</a> </li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#Running_Code">Running Code</a> </li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#Syntax">Syntax</a> </li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#Comments">Comments</a> </li>
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<main id="main-doc">
<section class="main-section" id="Introduction_to_Python">
<header>
Introduction to Python
</header>
<article>
<p>Python was created in 1990 by Guido van Rossum in Holland.</p>
<p>One of the objectives of the language was to be accessible to non-programmers.</p>
<p>Python was also designed to be a second language for programmers to learn due to its low learning curve and ease of use.</p>
<p>Python runs on Mac, Linux, Windows, and many other platforms.
</p>
<p>Python is:</p>
<ul>
<li>
Interpreted: it can execute at runtime, and changes in a program are instantly perceptible. To be very technical, Python has a compiler. The difference when compared to Java or C++ is how transparent and automatic it is. With Python, we don't have to worry about the compilation step as it's done in real-time. The tradeoff is that interpreted languages are usually slower than compiled ones.</li>
<li>
Semantically Dynamic: you don't have to specify types for variables and there is nothing that makes you do it.</li>
<li>
Object-Oriented: everything in Python is an object. But you can choose to write code in an object-oriented, procedural, or even functional way.</li>
<li>
High level: you don't have to deal with low-level machine details.</li>
</ul>
<p>Python has been growing a lot recently partly because of its many uses in the following areas:</p>
<ul>
<li>
System scripting: it's a great tool to automate everyday repetitive tasks.</li>
<li>Data Analysis: it is a great language to experiment with and has tons of libraries and tools to handle data, create models, visualize results and even deploy solutions. This is used in areas like Finance, E-commerce, and Research.</li>
<li>Web Development: frameworks like Django and Flask allow the development of web applications, API's, and websites.</li>
<li>Machine Learning: Tensorflow and Pytorch are some of the libraries that allow scientists and the industry to develop and deploy Artificial Intelligence solutions in Image Recognition, Health, Self-driving cars, and many other fields.</li>
</ul>
<p>
You can easily organize your code in modules and reuse them or share them with others.</p>
<p>Finally, we have to keep in mind that Python had breaking changes between versions 2 and 3. And since Python 2 support ended in 2020, this article is solely based on Python 3.</p>
<p>So let's get started.
</p>
</article>
</section>
<section class="main-section" id="Installing_Python_3">
<header>
Installing Python 3
</header>
<article>
<p>
If you use a Mac or Linux you already have Python installed. But Windows doesn't come with Python installed by default.</p>
<p>You also might have Python 2, and we are going to use Python 3. So you should check to see if you have Python 3 first.</p>
<p>Type the following in your terminal.</p>
<code class="code_dif">python3 -V</code>
<p>Notice the uppercase V.</p>
<p>If your result is something similar to 'Python 3.x.y', for instance,<code class="code_simp>Python 3.8.1</code>, then you are ready to go.</p>
<p>If not, follow the next instructions according to your Operating System.</p>
</article>
</section>
<section class="main-section"
id="Running_Code">
<header>
Running Code
</header>
<article>
<p>You can run Python code directly in the terminal as commands or you can save the code in a file with the <code class="code_simp">.py</code> extension and run the Python file.</p>
<h2>Terminal</h2>
<p>Running commands directly in the terminal is recommended when you want to run something simple.</p>
<p>Open the command line and type <code class="code_simp">python3</code> </p>
<code class="code_dif">renan@mypc:~$ python3</code>
<p>You should see something like this in your terminal indicating the version (in my case, Python 3.6.9), the operating system (I'm using Linux), and some basic commands to help you.</p>
<p>The <code class="code_simp">>>></code> tells us we are in the Python console.</p>
<code class="code_dif">Python 3.6.9 (default, Nov 7 2019, 10:44:02)
[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>></code>
<p>Let's test it by running our first program to perform basic math and add two numbers.</p>
<code class="code_dif">>>> 2 + 2</code>
<p>The output is:</p>
<code class="code_dif">4</code>
<p>To exit the Python console simply type <code class="code_simp">exit()</code>.</p>
<code class="code_dif">>>> exit()</code>
<h3>Running <code class="code_simp">.py</code> files</h3>
<p>If you have a complex program, with many lines of code, the Python console isn't the best option.</p>
<p>The alternative is simply to open a text editor, type the code, and save the file with a <code class="code_simp">.py</code> extension.</p>
<p>Let's do that, create a file called <code class="code_simp">second_program.py</code> with the following content.</p>
<code class="code_dif">print('Second Program')</code>
<p>The <code class="code_simp">print()</code> function prints a message on the screen.</p>
<p>The message goes inside the parentheses with either single quotes or double quotes, both work the same.</p>
<p>To run the program, on your terminal do the following:</p>
<code class="code_dif">renan@mypc:~$ python3 second_program.py</code>
<p>The output is:</p>
<code class="code_dif">Second Program</code>
</article>
</section>
<section class="main-section"
id="Syntax">
<header>
Syntax
</header>
<article>
<p>
Python is known for its clean syntax.</p>
<p>The language avoids using unnecessary characters to indicate some specificity.</p>
<h3>Semicolons</h3>
<p>Python doesn't use semicolons to finish lines. A new line is enough to tell the interpreter that a new command is beginning.</p>
<p>The <code class="code_simp">print()</code> method will display something.</p>
<p>In this example, we have two commands that will display the messages inside the single quotes.</p>
<code class="code_dif">print('First command')</code>
<pre class="pre">
<code class="code_dif">print('Second command')</code>
<p>Output:</p>
<pre class="pre">
<code class="code_dif">First command</code>
<pre class="pre">
<code class="code_dif">Second command</code>
<p>But the following is <strong>wrong</strong> due to the semicolons in the end:</p>
<code class="code_dif">print('First command');</code>
<code class="code_dif">print('Second command');</code>
<h3>Indentation</h3>
<p>Many languages use curly-brackets to define scope.</p>
<p>Python's interpreter uses only indentation to define when a scope ends and another one starts.</p>
<p>This means you have to be aware of white spaces at the beginning of each line -- they have meaning and might break your code if misplaced.</p>
<p>This definition of a function works:</p>
<code class="code_dif">def my_function():</code>
<code class="code_dif">print('First command')</code>
<p>This <strong>doesn't work</strong> because the indentation of the second line is missing and will throw an error:</p>
<code class="code_dif">def my_function():</code>
<code class="code_dif">print('First command')</code>
<h3>Case sensitivity and variables</h3>
<p>Python is case sensitive. So the variables <code class="code_simp">name</code> and <code class="code_simp">Name</code> are not the same thing and store different values.</p>
<code class="code_dif">name = 'Renan'</code>
<code class="code_dif">Name = 'Moura'</code>
<p>As you can see, variables are easily created by just assigning values to them using the <code class="code_simp">=</code> symbol.</p>
<p>This means <code class="code_simp">name</code> stores 'Renan' and <code class="code_simp">Name</code> stores 'Moura'.</p>
<h3>Comments</h3>
<p>Finally, to comment something in your code, use the hash mark <code class="code_simp">#</code>.</p>
<p>The commented part does not influence the program flow.</p>
<code class="code_dif"># this function prints something</code>
<code class="code_dif">def my_function():</code>
<code class="code_dif">print('First command')</code>
<p>This was just an overview. The details of each of these will become clearer in the next chapters with examples and broader explanations.</p>
</article>
</section>
<section class="main-section"
id="Comments">
<header>
Comments
</header>
<article>
<p>The purpose of comments is to explain what is happening in the code.</p>
<p>Comments are written along with your code but do not influence your program flow.</p>
<p>When you work by yourself, maybe comments don't feel like something you should write. After all, at the moment, you know the whys of every single line of code.</p>
<p>But what if new people come on board your project after a year and the project has 3 modules, each with 10,000 lines of code?</p>
<p>Think about people who don't know a thing about your app and who are suddenly having to maintain it, fix it, or add new features.</p>
<p>Remember, there is no single solution for a given problem. Your way of solving things is yours and yours only. If you ask 10 people to solve the same problem, they will come up with 10 different solutions.</p>
<p>If you want others to fully understand your reasoning, good code design is mandatory, but comments are an integral part of any codebase.</p>
</article>
</section>
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