Data Stores: Creating and Maintaining

My project is going to need data storage on the backend for text data and graphics (and maybe for audio). I’m working with my web host (IONOS) to learn how to set that up, but first I need a better understanding of how to create the stores and how to update them. (I’m an old COBOL/BAL programmer from the '70s; so my concepts may be wrong.)

My thought is that I will need a means to enter data on the front end which will mean HTML, CSS, and javascript. I envision screens with prompts for entering names, dates, addresses, etc that will be edited by frontend code then shipped to the backend where code (javascript or PHP?) will do further editing (like checking to be sure additions aren’t duplicates) before updating data stores. I don’t know how this can be done in code; so I’d like to see tutorials with examples. I know how I’d do this in COBOL or BAL, but this client-server model is all new to me.